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Vitamins

Unlock Your Unique Vitamin Profile

Vitamins play a crucial role in maintaining optimal health and wellness, and the vitamin reports generated by Kokora DNA health tests can provide valuable insights into your genetic predisposition to vitamin-related issues or concerns.

Vitamin B6 Deficiency

Reports

Arginine Benefit

Genes of Interest: ADRB1, VEGFA, GABPB1, ACE

Arginine is an amino acid that plays a key role in various physiological processes including the regulation of blood flow, immune function, and hormone secretion. Studies have shown that genes such as ADRB1, VEGFA, GABPB1, and ACE can impact the effects of arginine supplementation on the body.

The ADRB1 gene encodes for the beta-1 adrenergic receptor, which is involved in regulating heart rate and contractility. Variations in this gene have been associated with differences in response to arginine supplementation and cardiovascular health.

The VEGFA gene codes for vascular endothelial growth factor A, which plays a role in angiogenesis and blood vessel growth. Variations in this gene have been linked to changes in arginine metabolism and cardiovascular health.

The GABPB1 gene encodes for a transcription factor involved in regulating gene expression. Studies have shown that variations in this gene may impact the benefits of arginine supplementation on cardiovascular health.

The ACE gene encodes for angiotensin converting enzyme, which is involved in regulating blood pressure and fluid balance. Variations in this gene have been linked to differences in response to arginine supplementation and cardiovascular health.

It is important to note that while these genes can impact the effects of arginine on the body, they are not the only factors involved and other factors such as diet, lifestyle, and overall health also play a role. Further research is needed to fully understand the impact of these genes on arginine metabolism and cardiovascular health.

BCAAs Benefit

Genes of Interest: FTO, TFA2B

BCAAs, or branched-chain amino acids, are essential amino acids that play a key role in building muscle mass and repairing muscle tissue. They are also involved in regulating metabolism and reducing muscle fatigue during exercise. The genes FTO and TFA2B may affect the benefits of BCAAs by influencing the way the body processes and utilizes these amino acids.

FTO (Fat Mass and Obesity-associated gene) is a gene that has been linked to body weight regulation and metabolism. Studies have shown that individuals with certain variants of the FTO gene may have a greater tendency to gain weight and have a higher risk of obesity.

TFA2B (Transcription Factor A2B) is a gene that regulates the expression of other genes involved in energy metabolism and muscle development. Variants of the TFA2B gene have been associated with differences in muscle mass and strength, and may impact the body's ability to effectively utilize BCAAs.

While the relationship between these genes and BCAAs is not fully understood, research suggests that the presence of certain variants may impact the benefits of supplementing with BCAAs, particularly in terms of reducing muscle fatigue and improving muscle recovery. However, more research is needed to fully understand the impact of these genes on BCAAs benefit.

It is important to note that genetics is just one factor that can influence the effects of BCAAs, and a balanced diet and regular exercise are still critical for overall health and fitness.

Beta-Alanine Benefit

Genes of Interest: ADRB2, COL5A1, ACTN3, PPARA, ACE, ADRB3, PPARGC1A, AMPD1, ADRB1, VEGFA, GABPB1, IGF2

Beta-alanine is a non-essential amino acid that is commonly used as a dietary supplement for athletes and active individuals. It has been shown to improve athletic performance, increase muscle mass and strength, and enhance recovery time.

The gene ADRB2 is responsible for encoding the beta-2 adrenergic receptor, which regulates the contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle. The gene COL5A1 encodes collagen type V alpha 1 chain, which is involved in the formation of strong and flexible tissues. The gene ACTN3 is responsible for encoding alpha-actinin-3, a protein that is important for muscle function. The gene PPARA encodes the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha, which regulates the expression of genes involved in energy metabolism.

The gene ACE encodes angiotensin-converting enzyme, which regulates blood pressure and fluid balance. The gene ADRB3 encodes the beta-3 adrenergic receptor, which is involved in the regulation of energy metabolism and fat oxidation. The gene PPARGC1A encodes the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha, which regulates the expression of genes involved in energy metabolism and cellular respiration.

The gene AMPD1 encodes the AMP deaminase 1 enzyme, which plays a role in the regulation of energy metabolism. The gene ADRB1 encodes the beta-1 adrenergic receptor, which regulates heart rate and contractility. The gene VEGFA encodes vascular endothelial growth factor A, which is involved in the regulation of blood flow and the formation of new blood vessels.

The gene GABPB1 encodes the GA binding protein beta subunit 1, which regulates the activity of certain transcription factors. The gene IGF2 encodes insulin-like growth factor 2, which regulates cell growth and division. Overall, these genes play a role in the way our bodies respond to beta-alanine supplementation and can affect the degree to which it is beneficial for athletic performance and muscle growth.

Calcium Deficiency

Genes of Interest: VDR

The gene VDR, also known as the Vitamin D Receptor gene, is believed to play a role in calcium metabolism and deficiency. Vitamin D, which is essential for the absorption of calcium, binds to the VDR and regulates the expression of genes involved in calcium homeostasis.

Studies have shown that variations in the VDR gene can impact the function of the vitamin D receptor, which in turn affects the body's ability to absorb and utilize calcium. For example, a study published in the Journal of Bone and Mineral Research found that individuals with a specific variant of the VDR gene had a higher risk of developing osteoporosis, a condition characterized by low bone density and increased risk of fractures.

In conclusion, the VDR gene plays a critical role in regulating the body's calcium balance and those with variations in the gene may have an increased risk of developing calcium deficiency. It is important to note that there are many factors that can influence calcium levels, including diet and lifestyle, and a genetic test should not be used as the sole predictor of calcium deficiency risk.

Choline Benefit

Genes of Interest: FADS1

The gene FADS1 plays a role in the metabolism of fatty acids and the synthesis of choline. Choline is an important nutrient that is involved in many processes in the body, including the formation of cell membranes and the production of neurotransmitters. Some studies have suggested that variation in the FADS1 gene may affect the ability to metabolize choline and impact the levels of choline in the body. However, more research is needed to fully understand the relationship between the FADS1 gene and choline metabolism.

One study found that individuals with a specific variant of the FADS1 gene were more likely to have lower levels of choline in their blood and were also more likely to have an increased risk of liver disease. This suggests that the FADS1 gene may play a role in the metabolism of choline and its impact on liver health.

It is important to note that genetic factors are just one of many factors that can impact choline metabolism and overall health. A balanced diet that includes adequate amounts of choline-rich foods, such as eggs, liver, and soybeans, is essential for maintaining optimal health.

Overall, while the FADS1 gene may play a role in choline metabolism, more research is needed to fully understand the relationship between the two.

Creatine Benefit

Genes of Interest: AMPD1, IL6, ACTN3,NOS3, ACE, VEGFA, AGT, PPARA, TRHR, LEPR, IGF2, COMT

The genes AMPD1, IL-6, ACTN3, NOS3, ACE, VEGFA, AGT, PPARA, TRHR, LEPR, INS-IGF2, and COMT can play a role in the benefits of creatine supplementation. Creatine is a naturally occurring substance found in the body, but it can also be taken as a supplement to help improve athletic performance and increase muscle mass.

AMPD1 helps regulate the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is the energy source for muscle contractions. IL-6 is involved in inflammation and muscle repair processes. ACTN3 is associated with muscle fiber type, which can impact athletic performance. NOS3 helps regulate blood flow and oxygen delivery to the muscles.

ACE, VEGFA, AGT, and PPARA all play a role in blood flow and cardiovascular health. TRHR and LEPR help regulate metabolism and appetite. INS-IGF2 is involved in insulin regulation and the growth of muscle tissue. COMT is involved in the metabolism of neurotransmitters, including dopamine and adrenaline, which can impact athletic performance.

Overall, these genes can impact the benefits of creatine supplementation by influencing muscle function, metabolism, and cardiovascular health. However, more research is needed to fully understand the complex interactions between these genes and creatine supplementation.

Folate Deficiency

Genes of Interest: MTHFR, SLC19A1, MTRR

Folate is an essential nutrient that plays a key role in many of our body's processes, including the creation of DNA and red blood cells, and the regulation of homocysteine levels.

MTHFR is a gene that codes for an enzyme responsible for converting folic acid into its active form, 5-methyltetrahydrofolate. Variations in the MTHFR gene can result in a reduced ability to process folic acid, leading to a higher risk of folate deficiency.

SLC19A1 is a gene that codes for a protein that helps transport folate into our cells. Variations in this gene can result in a reduced ability to absorb folate from our diets, leading to a higher risk of folate deficiency.

MTRR is a gene that codes for an enzyme responsible for the recycling of Vitamin B12, which is necessary for the proper functioning of the MTHFR enzyme. Variations in the MTHFR gene can result in a reduced ability to recycle Vitamin B12, leading to a higher risk of folate deficiency.

In summary, these genes play a crucial role in determining our ability to process and utilize folate, and variations in these genes can increase our risk of folate deficiency

Glutamine Benefit

Genes of Interest: COL5A1, GDF5, COL1A1

Glutamine is an amino acid that is important for muscle function and is often used as a dietary supplement by athletes and bodybuilders.

COL5A1 is a gene that is involved in the production of collagen, a protein that provides structure and support to tissues in the body. Some studies have suggested that glutamine may help to support the production of collagen and improve the function of tendons and ligaments.

GDF5 is a gene that is involved in the regulation of bone growth and development. Some studies have suggested that glutamine may help to support bone health by promoting the growth of new bone tissue.

COL1A1 is a gene that is involved in the production of collagen. Some studies have suggested that glutamine may help to support the production of collagen and improve the function of tendons and ligaments.

However, it is important to note that the evidence for the effects of these genes on the benefits of glutamine is still limited.

Iron Deficiency

Genes of Interest: TF, TMPRSS6

The genes TF and TMPRSS6 play a role in regulating iron levels in the body. The gene TF helps regulate iron levels by controlling the transport of iron into cells, while the gene TMPRSS6 regulates iron levels through its effect on hepcidin, a hormone that regulates iron absorption in the gut.

Studies have shown that variations in the TF and TMPRSS6 genes may increase the risk of iron deficiency. For example, individuals with variations in the TF gene may have lower iron levels, while those with variations in the TMPRSS6 gene may have higher levels of hepcidin, leading to decreased iron absorption.

It's important to note that genetics is just one factor that affects iron levels and that a variety of other factors such as diet and overall health can also play a role. If you are concerned about your iron levels, it's always a good idea to talk to your doctor or a healthcare professional.

Magnesium Deficiency

Genes of Interest: MUC1, ATP2B1

The gene MUC1 is involved in the regulation of magnesium transport, while ATP2B1 plays a role in maintaining normal magnesium levels in cells. Studies have shown that genetic variations in these genes may increase an individual's risk of developing magnesium deficiency.

Magnesium is a critical mineral that is involved in many important physiological processes, including muscle and nerve function, heart rhythm regulation, and bone health. Magnesium deficiency can lead to a number of health problems, including muscle weakness, tremors, and an increased risk of heart disease and osteoporosis.

While the exact mechanism by which MUC1 and ATP2B1 affect magnesium levels is not yet fully understood, it is thought that genetic variations in these genes may affect their ability to regulate magnesium transport or maintenance in the body. This can lead to lower magnesium levels and an increased risk of magnesium deficiency.

While more research is needed to fully understand the impact of MUC1 and ATP2B1 on magnesium levels, these genes are currently being studied as potential targets for the prevention and treatment of magnesium deficiency.

Omega 3 Benefit

Genes of Interest: APOA5, ADIPQQ, PPARG, FTO

The genes APOA5, ADIPQQ, PPARG, and FTO play a role in determining an individual's response to Omega 3 fatty acids. Omega 3 fatty acids, specifically EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid), are essential fatty acids that are important for maintaining good health.

APOA5 is a gene that codes for the apolipoprotein A-V protein, which is involved in lipid metabolism and the regulation of fat storage. A study found that a variation in the APOA5 gene was associated with higher levels of omega 3 fatty acids in the blood and a lower risk of heart disease.

ADIPQQ is a gene that codes for the adiponectin protein, which is involved in glucose regulation and fatty acid metabolism. Studies have found that higher levels of adiponectin are associated with increased levels of omega 3 fatty acids and a lower risk of heart disease.

PPARG is a gene that codes for the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma protein, which regulates the metabolism of glucose and fat. A study found that a variation in the PPARG gene was associated with a higher response to omega 3 fatty acids, specifically EPA, and improved insulin sensitivity.

FTO is a gene that codes for the fat mass and obesity-associated protein, which is involved in regulating energy balance and body weight. A study found that a variation in the FTO gene was associated with a lower response to omega 3 fatty acids, specifically EPA, and a higher risk of obesity.

In conclusion, the genes APOA5, ADIPQQ, PPARG, and FTO play a role in determining an individual's response to omega 3 fatty acids and the potential benefits they may provide for cardiovascular health. However, more research is needed to fully understand the complex interplay between these genes and the effects of omega 3 fatty acids.

Potassium Deficiency

Genes of Interest: MUC1, ATP2B1

Potassium is an important mineral that plays many important roles in the body, including regulating blood pressure, transmitting nerve impulses, and helping muscles contract and relax.

Studies have suggested that variations in the MUC1 and ATP2B1 genes can affect the function of the proteins they encode, which can in turn impact the body's ability to regulate potassium levels. For example, one study found that a variant of the ATP2B1 gene was associated with lower potassium levels in the blood, suggesting that people with this variant may be more susceptible to potassium deficiency.

However, it's important to note that genetics is just one of many factors that can impact potassium levels. Other factors, such as diet and medication use, can also play a role. Therefore, it's important to consider multiple factors when evaluating a person's risk of potassium deficiency.

In conclusion, while the MUC1 and ATP2B1 genes can contribute to potassium deficiency, it's only one part of the overall picture. Other factors, such as diet and medications, should also be considered.

Selenium Deficiency

Genes of Interest: GPX4

The GPX4 gene is involved in the production of a selenium-dependent enzyme called glutathione peroxidase 4, which is involved in the elimination of harmful substances in the body, including hydrogen peroxide and other peroxides. A deficiency in selenium can lead to a decrease in the activity of GPX4, which can result in an increased risk of oxidative stress, inflammation, and other health problems.

Studies have shown that variations in the GPX4 gene can impact the risk of selenium deficiency and the potential health consequences associated with this deficiency. For example, a study published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition found that individuals with a specific variant of the GPX4 gene had lower levels of selenium in their blood and were more likely to experience symptoms of selenium deficiency, such as fatigue, muscle weakness, and decreased immune function.

Overall, the GPX4 gene plays an important role in the maintenance of healthy selenium levels and protection against oxidative stress and inflammation, and variations in this gene can impact the risk of selenium deficiency and related health problems.

Sodium Deficiency

Genes of Interest: MUC1, ATP2B1

The genes MUC1 and ATP2B1 have been found to play a role in the regulation of sodium levels in the body. Sodium is an important electrolyte that helps regulate the balance of fluids in the body, and helps to maintain normal blood pressure and heart function. Deficiencies in sodium can lead to a number of health problems, including fatigue, weakness, muscle cramps, and dizziness.

Studies have shown that variations in the MUC1 gene may affect the ability of the body to absorb and retain sodium, leading to an increased risk of sodium deficiency. The ATP2B1 gene has also been implicated in the regulation of sodium levels, as it is involved in the transport of sodium ions across cell membranes.

Overall, these findings suggest that MUC1 and ATP2B1 may play an important role in the regulation of sodium levels in the body, and that variations in these genes may increase the risk of sodium deficiency.

Vitamin A Deficiency

Genes of Interest: BCO1

The gene BCO1 plays a crucial role in the metabolism of vitamin A. This gene codes for an enzyme involved in the conversion of beta-carotene to retinal, which is a form of vitamin A that is important for vision and the maintenance of healthy skin, mucous membranes, and immune function. Individuals with variations in the BCO1 gene may be at increased risk for vitamin A deficiency, which can lead to a range of health problems such as vision problems, skin disorders, and a weakened immune system. To maintain adequate levels of vitamin A, it is important to consume a diet that is rich in beta-carotene and vitamin A, or to take supplements as recommended by a healthcare provider.

Vitamin B6 Deficiency

Genes of Interest: NBPF3

The gene NBPF3 is known to play a role in regulating the levels of vitamin B6 in our bodies. This vitamin is important for a number of functions, including the production of neurotransmitters, the formation of red blood cells, and the metabolism of proteins and amino acids. Studies have found that variations in the NBPF3 gene may impact how efficiently our bodies are able to use vitamin B6, potentially leading to a deficiency if left unaddressed.

One study found that individuals with a specific variant of the NBPF3 gene had lower levels of vitamin B6 in their blood compared to those without this variant. Another study suggested that this gene may play a role in regulating the absorption and utilization of vitamin B6 in the gut.

It's important to note that while genetics can influence our risk of vitamin B6 deficiency, there are also other factors such as diet, lifestyle, and certain medications that can impact our vitamin B6 levels. If you're concerned about your vitamin B6 status, it's always best to speak with a healthcare professional.

Vitamin D Deficiency

Genes of Interest: CYP2R1, NADSYN1, GC‍

Vitamin D is a vital nutrient that plays a crucial role in maintaining our overall health and wellness. The genes CYP2R1, NADSYN1, and GC have been linked to a person's risk for vitamin D deficiency.

The gene CYP2R1 codes for the enzyme that converts vitamin D into its active form in the body. Variations in this gene have been linked to reduced vitamin D activation, which can increase the risk of deficiency.

The gene NADSYN1 codes for an enzyme involved in the synthesis of vitamin D in the skin. Variations in this gene have been linked to decreased vitamin D production, which can contribute to a higher risk of deficiency.

The gene GC codes for a protein that is critical for the transport and storage of vitamin D in the body. Variations in this gene have been linked to decreased vitamin D levels, which can increase the risk of deficiency.

It's important to note that while these genes may influence a person's risk of vitamin D deficiency, many other factors such as sun exposure, diet, and lifestyle also play a role. If you're concerned about your vitamin D levels, talk to your doctor about getting tested and discussing the best options for maintaining optimal health.

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